Neutral Citation Number: [2001] EWCA Crim 2505
COURT OF APPEAL 			    			     Case Nos: 2000 02566
(CRIMINAL DIVISION)							           2000 02589
2000 02591
2001 02259
2001 03772

Royal Courts of Justice
Strand, London, WC2A 2LL
Date: 9th November 2001

B e f o r e :

LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE
MR JUSTICE HUNT
and 
HIS HONOUR JUDGE MELLOR
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	R		
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	ATUL PATEL
MICHAEL ROBERT VILLIERS
JOHN SEWELL
CARL HUTCHINSON
TERENCE FORD		

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(Computer Aided Transcript of the Stenograph Notes 
of Smith Bernal Reporting Limited 
190 Fleet Street, London EC4A 2AG Telephone 
No: 0207 - 421 4040  
Fax No: 0208 831 8838 
Official Shorthand Writers to the Court)
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P V BIRKETT Esq QC and M SAVILL Esq for the Crown
J W CURTIS Esq QC and A PILLING  for Atul Patel
W CLEGG Esq QC and J STURMAN Esq for Michael Robert Villiers
A LAKHA Esq for John Sewell
S M SPENCER Esq QC and M E LEON Esq for Carl Hutchinson
T BADENOCH Esq for Terence Ford

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JUDGMENT
(As Approved by the Court)

Crown Copyright

Lord Justice Longmore: 
Introduction
1.	At the time of the events with which this appeal is concerned, between August 1995 and October 1997, London City Bond with its 16 warehouses was the largest bonded warehouse in London. A bonded warehouse is a warehouse where goods on which excise duty is payable can be warehoused before such duty is payable.  If goods are destined for the domestic market, duty must be paid before or at the time when the goods leave the warehouse.  If, however, goods are only destined for another bonded warehouse whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in the European Community, duty is not payable since it is expected that duty will be paid before, or at the time when, the goods leave that other bonded warehouse.  Bonded warehouses are so called because the warehouse keeper, who is himself liable for any duty payable on goods leaving his warehouse, provides a bond to HM Customs promising that duty will be paid.  The bond is typically backed by a guarantee from a bank or insurance company limited to an amount which may or may not be equivalent to the amount of duty payable by a warehouse keeper on all the stock warehoused at any one time.
2.	This system is capable of abuse.  In the days when the regime of bonded warehouses only applied in the United Kingdom and there was thus a limited number of such warehouses overall, HM Customs were able to contain evasion of duty within reasonable bounds.  This has proved more difficult since a unified system of bonded warehouses has applied throughout the European Community, under the procedure, established by Council Directive 92/12/EEC, to permit free movement within the Community of excise goods without customs formalities at frontiers.  The Directive has been implemented by The Excise Goods (Holding, Movement, Warehousing and REDS) Regulations 1992 which permit excise goods to be deposited and kept under arrangements where duty is suspended, but only in what is called a “tax warehouse”.  London City Bond was such a warehouse and its operator was in the language of the Regulations an “authorised warehouse keeper”.  Any such authorised warehouse keeper consigning excise goods to any person under duty suspension arrangements is required to issue an administrative accompanying document (“AAD”) with relevant information in a number of copies of which the first copy is retained by him;  the second copy is retained by the haulier;  the third copy is stamped by the tax warehouse to which the goods are delivered before being returned within a period of a month or so to the tax warehouse by which the goods were originally consigned.  That is then the proof that goods that leave without duty being paid have arrived at another bonded or tax warehouse.
3.	It is common ground in this appeal that a massive fraud was perpetrated in relation to goods consigned by London City Bond to other warehouses.  The goods concerned were drink and, in particular, whisky, on which duty is payable at a rate of about £7.00 per bottle.  A single lorry can carry a quantity of whisky on which as much as £60,000 - £100,000 worth of duty would be payable.  Customers of the warehouse would open an account at the warehouse (often in a fictitious name) and sell quantities of whisky for export to other fictitious persons;  the warehouse would issue AADs but the third copies of such documents would either never be returned or be returned with a forged stamp purporting to be the stamp of the tax warehouse abroad to which the goods should have been (but were not in fact) delivered.  For good measure a new account would be opened with the warehouse every 6 weeks or so, replacing the accounts previously used.  The goods would meanwhile be diverted onto the domestic market;  since the suppliers did not pay any duty, the whisky (or other goods on which duty was payable) could be sold to domestic purchasers much more cheaply than whisky on which duty had been properly paid.  The suppliers made considerable profits;  so did the hauliers;  HM Customs and honest tax-paying traders were the losers.
4.	We are concerned with appeals in relation to two trials which took place in Manchester in late 1999 and early 2000.  The question at those trials was whether the defendants were part of the fraud which, it was agreed, had taken place at London City Bond (“LCB”).  The Crown alleged that all 5 defendants (and other co-defendants) were part of a conspiracy to defraud the Customs & Excise.  The Crown’s case against the various defendants who were convicted was, inter alia, as follows:
(1)	Michael Villiers was the principal orchestrator and financier of the fraud;  he had opened accounts with LCB and, through his company called World Wide Trade, sold goods, on which duty was payable, to fictitious companies;  arranged for hauliers to collect such goods, pursuant to fax instructions from the fictitious companies to LCB, and caused the goods to be diverted to Villiers’ own premises in River Road, Barking or to the United Kingdom market without duty being paid;  much of the merchandise was moved speedily to cash-and-carry destinations such as The Nestings in Windsor and A&J Imports and Bendalls in the Midlands.  The goods were usually paid for from the bank account of JWS Holdings a name used by John Sewell, said to be Villiers’ right hand man.  This account was funded, on at least one occasion when Sewell was on honeymoon, from an off shore trust account operated by Villiers in the name of Orion at ANZ Bank.  Money from sales was paid into the JWS Holdings account and thereafter into the account of World Wide Trade;  it was then drawn out by either Michael Villiers, or his son, Darren Villiers, the only two signatories on the account; Michael Villiers, in particular, had an expensive lifestyle which, said the Crown, could only have been funded by evasion of Customs duty;
(2)	John Sewell was a henchman of Villiers responsible for the day to day arrangements for purchase, sale and transport of duty suspended goods;  he set up bogus companies;  he operated the accounts of World Wide Trade and of JWS Holdings;  he did not make as much money as Villiers and, said the Crown, could not have run the fraud on his own;  when first arrested in September 1996 he blamed an entity called “Ridgewell”;  shortly thereafter he informed LCB that deliveries were henceforth to be in the name of “Stockton Group”.  Both Ridgewell and Stockton were fictitious companies;
(3)	Terence Ford was a haulier who took loads from LCB over a period of months to premises of Villiers at River Road in Barking.  He first used the name T Ford Transport and then the name Bronco Transport, which was never registered as either a trade name or a company.  He must have known that the goods he was carrying were released from a bonded store, were ostensibly destined to go abroad, but were in fact delivered to domestic destinations.  He received documentation, including AADs, which he must have known were false.  After a while he ceased to carry goods from LCB to their domestic destination and started to carry them from that destination to cash-and-carry outlets such as The Nestings in Windsor;
(4)	Carl Hutchinson was a further haulier who came on the scene after the fraud had begun.  He had premises at Lingwood Road, Trafford Park, Manchester.  He initially took goods over from one of Villiers’ haulage companies, Abdee Haulage, but from September 1996 carried goods directly from LCB and delivered them to Abdee Haulage and also to cash and carry operations.  He was arrested and bailed on 28th February 1997.  Thereafter on 1st July 1997 a van was detained outside the Lingwood Road premises and officers went to Hutchinson’s address.  When he was stopped from running away he said his name was Robert Brown and cases of spirits on which duty had not been paid were found.  It was also alleged that he was more than a mere haulier, since documents found at his premises showed sales of spirits and transfer through an account operated by Hutchinson.  An address-book, asserted to be his, contained entries for both Michael and Darren Villiers, Sewell and the next defendant;
(5)	Atul Patel was also concerned in the diversion and distribution of spirits from LCB.  At his premises were found stocklists from and other documents referring to bonded warehouses and invoices for non-existent companies with forged or fraudulent stamps purporting to show export of goods;  an envelope was found mentioning “Carl” and “transport”.  He tried to distance himself from any conspiracy and put the blame on his cousin Sanjay Patel.  He made a lying written statement, refused to sign a handwriting sample and declined to account for the apparently incriminating documents found at his home.
In broad terms, the defence of all defendants was that, while fraud and diversion of duty occurred at LCB at the relevant time, it was nothing to do with them and they knew nothing about it.
5.	Two trials took place on the charge of conspiracy to cheat the Public Revenue; the first trial was of Hutchinson and Patel, together with 4 other defendants who were acquitted;  this trial took place between September and December 1999 before His Honour Judge Hammond at Manchester:  they were sentenced to 7 and 3 years’ imprisonment respectively.  The second trial, also before His Honour Judge Hammond at Manchester, was of Villiers, Sewell and Ford, together with one co-defendant, who was acquitted, and Darren Villiers in respect of whom the jury were unable to agree.  Sewell pleaded guilty;  Villiers, Sewell and Ford were sentenced to 12, 7 and 3 years respectively.  Applications for a Confiscation Order were adjourned.
Grounds of Appeal
6.	Non-Disclosure by the Prosecution
All the appellants complained of what they said was extensive non-disclosure by the Crown both before and during the trial and submitted that such non-disclosure vitiated the fairness of the proceedings.  It is important to be aware that the prosecutions began before the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 came into force and, therefore, that the principles set out in R v Keane [1994] 1 WLR 746 apply to these appeals.  The alleged non-disclosure was in relation to six separate matters:-
(1)	The status, as informants, of Mr Alfred Allington, the owner and manager of LCB, and his younger brother Mr Edward Allington, who were called as witnesses for the prosecution.  The appellants alleged that both brothers were participating informants but were not registered or handled in accordance with Home Office guidelines relating to informers;
(2)	The fact that Customs had at all material times not merely known that fraud was occurring at LCB but had actively requested and encouraged the Allington brothers to allow goods to leave the warehouse without duty being paid in order, as it was said, to enable them (the Customs) to catch bigger fry than the hauliers;
(3)	The fact that Mr Alfred Allington had received substantial inducements from the Customs to act as an informant;
(4)	The fact that Mr Alfred Allington had lied on oath in previous proceedings when he asserted that he did not know that fraud was going on at LCB and that he was an innocent dupe of those committing that fraud;
(5)	The fact that Mr Alfred Allington was known by Customs to have received substantial bribes from his customers;
(6)	The untruth of the assertion by Mr Alfred and Mr Edward Allington in their statements that the documentary proof of the fraud, in the formal documents such as the forged AADs, came out of their own files, when the truth of the matter was that many of the AADs were taken away by Customs before they ever got into LCB’s files.
(1)	Status of Allington brothers as informants
7.	Leave was sought by Villiers to call further evidence as attached to his grounds of appeal from Mr Alfred Allington, Mr Edward Allington, Mr Buckledee the General Manager and a Mr Davies who was also concerned in the running of the warehouse.  In the event Mr Clegg QC on behalf of Villiers only sought to call Mr Edward Allington (who had made a further supplemental statement in the course of the hearing of the appeal) and Mr Buckledee.  Since the content of their statements was material and was not available at the trial, we gave leave for them to be called;  they verified their statements and they were both cross-examined by Mr Birkett QC on behalf of the Crown.  Mr Edward Allington stated in terms that both he and his brother were informants to the Customs in relation to customers of the LCB;  no challenge was made by the Crown to the fact that the brothers were informants as such.  The Crown accepted that Mr Alfred Allington was not handled in accordance with the Customs & Excise guidelines for the management of informants but said that Mr Edward was so handled.  The Crown did not accept that either of the brothers gave information to Customs about any of the appellants or their companies and sought to argue that since the brothers were only informants in relation to fraudsters other than those charged, their status was irrelevant to these proceedings.  They submitted further that their status as informants was disclosed to the trial judge who decided that no disclosure need be made to the defence in respect of their status as informers;  this decision, said the Crown, was correct.
8.	The appellants argued that both the brothers were “participating  informants” and that neither of them was handled in accordance with Home Office guidelines in relation to participating informants.  For this purpose they relied on Mr Edward’s new evidence.  He said that he and his brother told Customs & Excise about companies wanting to open new accounts and when they appeared to be suspicious.  He described how he co-operated with Customs Officers of the National Investigation Service (“NIS”) and, in particular, a Mr Bernie Small, whom he telephoned ten to twelve times a day in relation to consignments in relation to which no duty had been paid.  He described marking consignments which were going to leave the following day for ease of recognition by Customs officers of diverted dutiable goods.  He said he spent three-quarters of his working time dealing with Customs and that the fraud could not have operated without his knowing input.  He described how, with the knowledge of Customs, he would sign an AAD on behalf of the warehouse knowing that the goods were never going to be delivered at their purported destination.  Fraud had become so widespread in 1997 that LCB opened a new warehouse at Long Reach Road in Barking for the express purpose of dealing with goods which were to be fraudulently diverted;  sometimes as many as 30-40 trailers would leave in one day with such goods.  Mr Small would sometimes indicate that goods, in which Customs were interested, should be loaded more quickly than other goods, so that his surveillance units should not have to wait around outside the warehouse.  At other times, for instance when surveillance teams were not available, Mr Small asked Mr Edward to warn drivers that Customs were around, so that the drivers would go away.  On many occasions Mr Edward was asked not to open envelopes which probably had returned AADs, so that Customs officers could take the AADs away for their own purposes.  He also said that LCB’s customers believed that he and his brother knew goods were being diverted and that they were both part of the scam;  he concluded his first statement by saying:-
“I knew exactly how the fraud was operated and I can say that it would not have taken place unless Customs & Excise had told us to let it happen”
In paragraph 14 of his supplementary statement of 11th October 2001 Mr Edward said:-
“In signing the AAD for a bogus load we were aware that the load would leave our bond and was going to be diverted.  The fact that Customs through Bernie Small had full knowledge of each company and load meant that I had no concerns about releasing the duty suspended goods.  If it had not been for this neither Alf nor I would ever have done what we did because the role we played would have made us a central figure in the fraud.  We still were essential to the fraud but neither of us acted dishonestly because Customs knew what we did.”
9.	Mr Birkett for the Crown cross-examined Mr Edward on various matters but did not essentially challenge his account of the Customs involvement in the operation of the bond nor the extent to which, at any rate, Mr Edward gave information to the Customs.  Mr Edward’s statements related to fraud and fraudsters generally at LCB between 1995 and 1998 and did not mention information being passed on in relation to any of the particular defendants charged in the present proceedings or their companies.  In the course of cross-examination, however, Mr Edward did say that he passed on information about certain companies used by the defendants, such as Ridgewell, Stockton, Springate and Westway as well as about drivers such as Ford and Hutchinson.  This was challenged by Mr Birkett.  The Crown, however, called no evidence in rebuttal and Mr Edward’s account of his relations with Mr Bernie Small is thus uncontradicted.
10.	It was an important part of the Crown’s case on the status of the Allington brothers as informants that no relevant information was, in fact, passed to Customs in relation to the appellants or their companies and that, for this reason, among others the Judge was correct to decide that the brothers’ position as informants need not be disclosed to the defendants or to the jury.  In the light of the material before us, we cannot be sure that the Crown’s case on this particular point is correct.  It is, in fact, clear from Mr Small’s own records (his contact sheets and his daybook) that it is not completely correct because references are made on occasions to information relating to JWS Holdings, Stockton and Bitsign, three of the companies that do play a part in the case.  These were identified to the judge, save for one which was missed in all the vast quantity of material Mr Birkett had to consider in this case and he said that, if he had noticed it, he would have alerted the judge to it.
11.	The appellants, however, submit that either way the activities of the Allington brothers should have been disclosed;  if they did inform in relation to the appellants or their companies, they were participating informants and their activities should have been made known to the judge and the defence in accordance with the decisions of this court in R v. Macro (Court of Appeal, 10th February 1969 (summarised [1969] Crim LR 205) and R v. Davis, Rowe and Johnson [2000] 1 Cr App R 115.  If (which the defendants asserted was most unlikely) they did not inform about them but only about other (perhaps all other) customers, that would show that the appellants were never suspected by those who would be most likely to know if they were fraudulent;  as we have said, the defence was that, although a fraud had been perpetrated in relation to the appellants’ consignments, the appellants never knew about it.  The argument was that, if LCB had itself never suspected fraud in relation to this consignment, how could the appellants themselves have been expected to?
Handling by Customs of the Brothers/Participating Informants?
12.	We were shown a 5 page document and informed that it constituted Home Office guidelines in relation to Customs & Excise informants.  This document distinguishes between public spirited citizens and individuals supplying information of value (“contacts”) on the one hand and informants on the other.  After pointing out that a contact may develop into an informant, it classifies informants as follows:-
“A CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT (CI)
Is an individual who may have a criminal history, habits or associates, who gives information about crime or persons associated with criminal activity, whether or not for financial reward or other advantage.  That individual has the expectation that his/her identity will be protected.
PARTICIPATING INFORMANT (PI)
Is an individual who has been registered as a Customs and Excise informant, in the knowledge that he may play a part in a crime or its preparation.  His role will be disclosed to the defence and he will be expected to give evidence.
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT (PARTICIPATING)
Is a participating informant who has been authorised by the CIO to play a minor role in a crime or its preparation.  A confidential informant (participating) will not give evidence or be disclosed to the defence.  However, the role of the CI(P) will be fully disclosed to the trial judge”
It then defines a Handler as “the officer who is responsible for dealing with and control of the informant” and states:
“Controller
Is an officer of at least SIO grade and always of a grade higher than the handler and co-handlers.  The controller supervises the actions of the handler in his relationship with the informant.
A controller, as the effective tactical supervisor, is at the operational centre of the system and will be directly responsible for the day to day supervision of the handler.”
	Under the heading Informant Handling, the document continues:
“Two basic principles which are paramount to the effective management of any information handling and management system are supervision and control.
It should be anticipated that most informant generated actions and operations will incur problems, primarily due to the character of the informant whose knowledge of criminal activities is usually gained as a result of active involvement with crime and criminals.
As working with informants involves risks for both HM Customs and Excise and Informants the following basic system principles apply:-
No member of HM Customs and Excise and no Customs and Excise informant is to counsel, incite or procure the commission of a crime.
An informant is always a resource of HM Customs and Excise and never the property of an individual officer.
An informant must be registered at the earliest practical opportunity, with the appropriate ACIO.
Informant handlers and co-handlers must be accountable to their controllers.
The informant must be accountable to the handler.  All the informant’s intelligence gathering activity must be directed and controlled by the handler.  Wherever possible all proposed meetings/contacts with an informant must be submitted to the controller for prior authorisation.”
	There is also an important sub-paragraph under this heading:-
“The informant’s involvement must remain within legally defined limits and nothing must be done that could in any way mislead the department’s legal advisers or the court.”
13.	No issue arose as to the registration of Mr Edward Allington as an informant.  He was handled by Mr Bernie Small and we were taken through (as was Judge Hammond) the Control Sheets filled in by Mr Small and also Mr Small’s day-book which recorded meetings with and information given by Mr Edward.  It was not clear that he had a controller.  Although Mr Birkett for the Crown did not accept Mr Edward was a Participating Informant, it was apparent from Mr Edward’s evidence, uncontradicted as it was by Mr Small, that he did (and was intended by Customs to) play a part in the diversion fraud;  we have in mind, in particular, his evidence that he signed AADs exhibited in the present cases stating that goods were going to be delivered to foreign destinations, when he knew perfectly well that they would not be so delivered.  In these circumstances we consider there can be no doubt that Mr Edward was a Participating Informant and that his status as such should have been disclosed to the trial judge.
14.	Since, in the event, Mr Alfred Allington did not give evidence before us as to his status, his role is, in one sense, more shadowy.  He is nevertheless included in Mr Small’s control sheets or daybook as providing information on a number of occasions.  He was never registered as an informant;  he had no handler, let alone a controller.  Mr Birkett submitted to us that Mr Alfred was acting in accordance with his obligations under statutory regulation.  The regulation he had in mind is regulation 24 of the Excise Warehousing (Etc) Regulations 1988 which is in the following terms:
“Information for the protection of the revenue
(1)	The occupier or the proprietor shall furnish the Commissioners with any information relating to any relevant business or activity of his which they specify or information which they think it is necessary or expedient for them to be given for the protection of the revenue.”
In the light of Mr Edward’s evidence to this court about the general pervasiveness of Customs activity at LCB, as well as his evidence about what he himself knew of Mr Alfred’s activities as proprietor of LCB, it is an inevitable conclusion that Mr Alfred gave considerably more information to Customs than is casually recorded in Mr Small’s record of information provided by Mr Edward.  In so doing, he went well beyond what he was obliged to do under regulation 24.  It was, in our judgment, a clear breach of the Home Office Guidelines not to have registered Mr Alfred as an informant.  This breach should have been disclosed to the trial judge who could then have come to an informed conclusion as to whether Mr Alfred was a participating informant.
15.	On the question of Mr Alfred’s status, a note made, on 12th October 2000, by Mr Ian Henderson of Customs & Excise Internal Investigation Division of a telephone conversation he had with a Mrs Lesley Dearing about events in 1996 assumes some importance.  It is not clear what prompted this note, but, on being asked to cast her mind back 4 years, Mrs Dearing, who was an ordinary customs officer at an audit office in Romford, quite separate from the National Investigation Service (which employed Mr Small), recalled she had asked for a meeting with an Assistant Chief Investigating Officer (ACIO) because she felt her duties as an assurance surveyor of LCB were being frustrated since NIS investigators had uplifted relevant records from LCB.  The note states:-
“She [Mrs Lesley Dearing] recalls that an NIS representative mentioned that it was better to allow the warehouse keeper (Alf Allington) to continue as a paid informant to the NIS.  This ensured that if a suspect trader approached LCB Alf would accept their business at face value and notify the NIS so that further investigation could take place.  Ordinarily a warehouse keeper would be liable for the duty in fraudulent diversion cases.  However, Lesley had learned prior to the meeting, that Alf Allington was protected by an indemnity.”
Even if only the substance (as opposed to the detail) of Mrs Dearing’s recollection is correct, it is clear that Mr Alfred was often passing information to Customs and was working with them so closely as apparently to have an agreement that neither he nor LCB would themselves be liable for any missing duty.  On the evidence and information available to us, we conclude that Mr Alfred was a participating informant and his status as such should have been revealed to the trial judge together with the facts (1) that he was not registered, (2) that no controller had been appointed to supervise Mr Small in his dealings with Mr Alfred, (3) that no proper records were kept of Mr Alfred’s dealings with either his customers or with HM Customs.
(2)	Customs knowledge of and encouragement of LCB’s participation in the occurrence of diversion frauds
16.	This is closely allied to the status of the Allingtons as informants but is an important and separate part of the picture.  It has to be pieced together from documents disclosed by the Crown after the trials in the light of the notices of appeal and the post-trial statements of Mr Alfred and Mr Edward Allington.  The trail starts conveniently with Mr Alfred’s request of 17th October 1996 to Mr Small for confirmation that Customs would not take any steps to enforce the guarantee which the LCB was required to provide to cover their liability for unpaid duty, in the event of goods being taken out of LCB without duty having been paid on them.  In response to this request he received a letter of 30th October 1996 from Mr Small’s superior in NIS, Mr Snugg.  This can only be regarded as a masterpiece of obfuscation since Mr Snugg obviously did not want to take responsibility for giving any formal promise that the guarantee would not be enforced.  But Mr Birkett for the Crown accepted that in the light of the co-operation which Mr Alfred was giving Customs it would be unconscionable for Customs to enforce the guarantee and that there was, at the very least, a common understanding that the guarantee would not be called upon.
17.	To our mind this is of significance;  no immunity would be requested by LCB let alone tolerated by Customs, if Customs were not receiving information from LCB and encouraging the personnel there to tell them when suspected frauds were taking place;  moreover, in all probability, Customs personnel knew that one or other of the Allington brothers would themselves allow the fraud to occur by signing AADs for goods purportedly going to destinations which they knew to be false.  Mr Allington in his letter refers to the continuing support offered to Customs in the fight against fraud and says:-
“As you are aware our company carry out numerous exports on a weekly basis from stock initially received from approximately ten customers, all of this information is passed to HM C&E and has been for a considerable period of time.”
This is in no way denied by Mr Snugg.
18.	This exchange of correspondence was followed up on 24th June 1997 by a note, copied to fellow staff, from a Mr John Hobley of Customs at the audit office in Romford expressing concern at the loss of revenue to Customs when AADs were falsely receipted.  He said that his Audit Team had uncovered another case of falsely receipted AADs where it was NIS in Birmingham who had asked Mr Alfred to allow despatch of goods to a suspect destination.  He said further that NIS must give LCB a specific indemnity for suspect customers and destinations and that Mr Alfred had two of his staff apparently working full time on NIS matters.  No doubt one of those was Mr Edward.  In July 1997, one of his fellow staff members, Mrs Blackburn (to whom Mr Hobley had copied his note) then asked Mr Hobley for guidance as to the appropriate amount at which the guarantee provided by LCB should be set and said that a figure at the higher end of the guidelines would be appropriate, adding:-
“But this is largely due to the work that the NIS encourages him to do.”
Mr Pratt of Romford also wrote a contemporaneous memo to his senior officer saying that it was about time some decision was made whether LCB “should still be encouraged to take on suspect customers and to despatch goods under bond to dodgy destinations”.  On 22nd October 1997 Mr Hobley expressed his frustration about the activities of NIS at LCB to personnel at the Excise Policy Group saying:-
“We have long had difficulty in gaining access to this trader because of NIS involvement.  Indeed, we have to contact them for permission before we can visit our own trader. . .  The NIS encourage the warehouse keeper to accept business from suspect customers and use him as an informant.”
In February 1998 the Deputy Chief Investigation Officer required all ACIOs to provide relevant information about LCB in the light of the fact that NIS had 33 pending investigations and prosecutions in which LCB was witnesses.  This resulted in a note on co-operating warehouses from Mr Cedric Andrew, the Assistant Chief Investigation Officer at NIS.  He was mainly concerned to address the problem of the amount of revenue lost to Customs and said:-
“We are . . . . looking at movements through LCB which appear to have been diverted but where no action has been taken by NIS . . . . it can and no doubt will be argued by the warehouse keeper that he is not liable for the duty because he co-operated with the NIS either by letting products leave LCB at our request, or by informing us of new, potentially ‘suspect’ customers for whatever action we chose to take.”
He added that in the light of what had been happening NIS would be responsible for all trading activities through LCB prior to 1st April 1998.  This shows in our judgment the extent to which Customs, through NIS, were encouraging LCB to encourage the fraudulent activity taking place at LCB.  It was subsequently agreed that a central record should be kept of witness statements made in respect of LCB, particularly those of Mr Alfred Allington.
19.	In these circumstances it is surprising to find Mr Small’s superior officer, Senior Investigation Officer R J Snugg, writing a memo on 9th January 1999 in the following terms to Mrs Dunn of the Customs’ Solicitors’ Office:-
“At no time was any trader, haulier or other business person recommended to LCB by NIS officers under my command, nor was LCB encouraged to accept business with any particular trader.  There was no collusion or conspiracy between LCB and officers of NIS to create, facilitate or in any way improperly foster business that would not otherwise have occurred.”
Next to this document in our files is an undated memo from Mr Small himself in which he stated how he recruited Mr Edward Allington as a confidential intelligence source, registered as such, and that his work assisted the department in its investigations.  He says that, through Mr Edward, he was introduced to Mr Alfred who, as the authorised warehousekeeper, was obliged to provide Customs with information about the company’s business.  It was for this reason apparently that Mr Alfred was never registered as an informant.  Mr Small says further that he benefited from Mr Alfred’s knowledge by using it to target investigations against criminal elements trading in excise goods and adds:-
“I regard Alfred Allington as a valuable source of trade information.”
We regard it as likely that these documents (together with a similarly undated memorandum from Mr Small to Mrs Dunn in similar terms) were produced for a prosecution which took place in early 1999 at Kingston-on-Thames before Judge Hucker and that they are the origin of the phrase “trade source” which was hereafter used to describe the status of Mr Alfred.  In the light of the history we have set out, we consider that the two above memoranda and the use of the phrase “trade source” to describe Mr Alfred’s role to have been distinctly misleading.
20.	We should refer further to a statement taken on 11th October 2000 from Janice Westall in which she described a meeting which took place on 9th October 2000 at which Mr Small was present at which he had said he had actively encouraged Mr Alfred Allington to take on suspect goods when they came to him so that he (Mr Small) would know where all the suspect accounts were.  We consider that this is much nearer the truth of the matter than Mr Snugg’s note of 9th January 1999.
21.	The whole matter is neatly summarised in what has been called the Lester report disclosed to the defence shortly before these appeal hearings began.  It relates mainly to the responsibility for the loss of revenue arising from the diverted frauds but in paragraph 21 it is stated:-
“One of the key features of a number of NIS investigations was that the warehousekeepers co-operated with the NIS, both in alerting them to possibly fraudulent consignments and in letting such consignments leave the warehouse under NIS surveillance.  Because of their co-operation, such warehousekeepers were, in effect, given indemnities releasing them from their liability for the duty and tax involved.  In some cases, specific written or oral indemnities were given;  in others, an indemnity was implicit in the Department’s wish to secure the warehousekeeper’s co-operation.  One particularly significant group of cases involving such co-operation was that concerning the London City Bond (LCB), a warehouse in the East End of London which was targeted by criminal organisations and became the focal point for many of the frauds.  The amount of excise duty lost through LCB is estimated to have been £352 million.”
22.	In the light of all this material we conclude that the Customs did indeed actively encourage senior personnel at LCB to allow goods to leave the warehouse without duty being paid and also that Customs knew that the Allington brothers were facilitating that fraud.
(3)	Inducements to Mr Alfred Allington to act as informant
23.	From what we have said so far, it is plain that there was an understanding between Mr Alfred Allington and the Commissioners that, in return for the help he was giving the Customs, neither his bond or his guarantee would be called on to indemnify Customs in the event of duty on goods not being paid when they left LCB.  Mr Birkett accepted this in the course of argument and accepted further that, whatever the precise legal position as to a binding commitment to that effect, it would be unconscionable for Customs to call on the bond or guarantee and that it would never have happened.  We conclude, therefore, that LCB were immune from any risk of their bond being called upon and we shall refer to this state of affairs as “the LCB immunity”.
24.	There was also some inconclusive evidence about a large sum of money, about £100,000, paid to Mr Alfred by a customer.  It was suggested by Mr Clegg for Villiers that this was money paid by way of a bribe to Mr Alfred for supposedly turning a blind eye to that customer’s activities.  It was common ground that Mr Alfred accounted to Customs for the sum some two years after it had been paid.  The exchange of correspondence, which occurred at the time Mr Alfred paid the money over, stated that the payment was in respect of duty owed by LCB to Customs in relation to a load which had left LCB but thereafter had been stolen.  Mr Birkett asserted that the idea of a stolen load was a fiction cooked up by Mr Alfred and Customs in order to give a plausible reason for Customs to receive the money. Since neither Mr Alfred nor anyone from Customs gave any evidence about this matter to us and since the letters to which we have been referred cannot, without more, prove the existence of the “facts” contained in them, we cannot make any findings on this topic but the question remains whether the payment to Mr Allington and his accounting of it two years later to the Customs should have been disclosed to the judge.  Mr Birkett accepted that this payment and the circumstances surrounding it should have been.
(4)	Previous Proceedings
25.	We have already referred to the first relevant prosecution in relation to fraud at LCB;  that was the trial of Mr Madhusudan Patel and others before Judge Hucker at Kingston-on-Thames Crown Court in the early months of 1999.  It was for the purposes of that trial that the misleading memoranda of Mr Snugg and Mr Small were produced.  Mr Alfred Allington was called at the trial;  he has subsequently asserted in the statement he gave to Mr Villier’s solicitors that he gave false evidence at that trial;  since leave to call him was never in the event sought to enable him to substantiate that statement, we have no regard to his assertions as such.  But on the findings we have made as a result of hearing Mr Edward’s evidence and reading internal Customs documentation, it does seem that he gave two false answers in the course of his evidence at that trial since he stated:-
(1)	if a stamped AAD was returned, he would not know if there had been fraud;
(2)	he had no discussion about an indemnity with Mr Small.
26.	The next trial was of Reynolds and others and took place before Judge Mota Singh QC at Southwark in summer 1999.  Mr Alfred Allington was again called and, on our findings, gave at any rate four false answers in the course of his evidence:-
(1)	he was not a Customs & Excise informant;
(2)	he was not aware when goods left the bond, that some of them were being fraudulently diverted, although he had suspicions;
(3)	he did not allow frauds to run with Customs’ connivance nor was he a party to any deals with Customs;
(4)	he did not know that he would not be called on to pay the lost duty.
Customs personnel must have known that these answers were false.
27.	Neither these lies nor the truth that showed that hey were lies were known by prosecuting counsel at the next trial which was that of Hutchinson and Patel before Judge Hammond in late 1999 and is the subject of the appeal to us.  We shall in due course examine what was disclosed to Judge Hammond in that trial.
28.	At the same time preparations were being made for a yet further trial at Wood Green of James W Smeeth and others before Judge Maher.  We were informed that, on this occasion, the principals pleaded guilty but the drivers made an application for a stay on the grounds that the proceedings were an abuse because, as counsel for the drivers asserted, the drivers had been caught in a “honey trap”.  In the course of this application, evidence emerged about the status of Mr Alfred and the fact that his evidence at Southwark had been untruthful.  There was also some evidence about bribes paid to Mr Alfred by his dishonest customers.  Some of this evidence was adduced in open court and some in the course of a public interest immunity application made to the judge by Mr Lucas, counsel for the Crown, after discovery of an LCB file.  On 28th February 2000 Judge Maher concluded on the information before him:-
(1)	that Mr Alfred was an informant and had given sensitive and important information to Mr Small which played a possibly very significant role in the monitoring of the fraudsters in the case before him;
(2)	that Mr Alfred had, with what he must have regarded as Customs encouragement, traded with customers whom he knew to be fraudulent over a lengthy period during which he supplied information to Mr Small, in return for the LCB guarantee not being invoked;
(3)	that Mr Alfred had given untruthful or questionable evidence about his role in earlier court proceedings;  and
(4)	that an unexplained sum of £100,000 had been paid to Mr Alfred and then paid over by him to Customs.
He therefore decided that the defence in the case before him should be made aware of the detailed help Mr Alfred had given to Customs, that his role as an informant should be disclosed and that the facts surrounding the £100,000 should also be disclosed.
29.	In the light of Judge Maher’s ruling, the Crown decided not proceed further against the drivers and offered no further evidence.  It is a fair inference from the way that Mr Lucas put the matter to the court on 1st March 2000 that that course of action was taken because they wished to protect Mr Alfred, see 5G of the transcript of the public immunity interest hearing on that day.
30.	We should also mention that a yet further trial is in progress before His Honour Judge David Harris QC in Manchester where the Defendants (Awan and others) have utilised much of the material we have referred to in support of an application to stay for abuse of process.  That application has taken some weeks but was rejected by the judge in July 2001.  It will be obvious to anyone reading this judgment that this court has greatly benefited from the very full and careful narrative that that learned judge gave in the course of his ruling.
(5)	Bribes
31.	Mr Edward said in his evidence to us that the LCB’s customers frequently paid “sweeteners” to Mr Alfred and himself.  Particular instances included bribes of a considerable amount allegedly paid by a Mr Sihota who had turned Queen’s Evidence at the Southwark trial and made the allegations in his witness statement.  Apart from the sum of £100,000 which we have already mentioned which was passed on to Customs & Excise, the extent to which Customs & Excuse knew about these bribes was not apparent.  But their existence obviously underlines the degree of participation of the Allington brothers in the frauds that were taking place at LCB.
(6)	Origin of documentation including AADs for the purpose of court proceedings
32.	This seems to us a comparatively small matter in the context of the proceedings as a whole.  White it may have been convenient to call Mr Alfred and Mr Edward Allington to prove the documentation, there were a number of other ways in which such documentation could have been put before the jury.  Mr Buckledee could have proved them;  so probably could a relevant Customs officer who had received them.  But the fact remains that a misleading impression was given to the parties at these two trials about the provenance of the documentation;  that in itself shows how lax the Customs’ approach to the presentation of the prosecution evidence was.
Disclosure to the Judge
33.	Various public interest immunity hearings were conducted before the judge before and at each of the two trials.  It has not been altogether easy to discover exactly what the judge was told on each such occasion but we are satisfied that the position is as follows.
34.	(A)	First Trial
The judge was told that Mr Edward Allington was an informant to Customs in relation to customers of the warehouse.  He was taken through Mr Small’s contact sheets and daybooks.  Although it was made clear that the sheets and books showed that on occasions information was passed on to Customs in relation to companies involved in the trial before him, it was not made clear that Mr Edward was a participating informant in the sense that he encouraged duty diversion to take place by signing false AADs and then informing Customs of the fraudulent loads.
35.	Mr Alfred Allington’s status as an informant was not separately revealed to the judge, although it would have been clear from Mr Small’s contact sheets and daybooks, maintained in relation to Mr Edward, that Mr Alfred did pass some information to Customs.  His status was that he was categorised as a trade source (Friday 10th September, 16G).  This was a miscategorisation since he participated in the commission of the offences, in the sense of facilitating and encouraging them, as much as his brother did.  No mention was made of the LCB immunity.
36.	On the basis of what he was told, the judge (not surprisingly) decided that there was no need to disclose the activities of Mr Edward since he was just an ordinary informant, whose existence should be protected in the ordinary way. On the basis that Mr Alfred was just a trade source, there was even less need to disclose his activities than those of Mr Edward.  The judge was informed about £100,000 paid to Mr Alfred and subsequently transmitted to Customs and decided that no disclosure of that need be made although he would keep it in mind throughout the trial in case it became arguably relevant to the defence.  In the event it did not.
37.	If Mr Birkett had been aware of the true position as set out above he would, of course, have revealed it to the judge.  All the appellants’ counsel were at pains to make clear that no criticism of any kind could be mounted against Crown Counsel.  We agree that there is no possibility of any such criticism;  these matters were never revealed by HM Customs personnel to counsel for the Crown consistently with Mr Snugg’s memo to the Customs’ solicitors office of 9th January 1999 which we have set out in paragraph 19 above.
38.	Mr Birkett then proceeded to open the case against Hutchinson and Patel to the jury;  he told the jury that the fraud in the case was that those controlling the bonded warehouse were deceived into releasing spirits on the understanding that they were being sent overseas or transferred to another bonded warehouse;  he also said that supervision by LCB failed to discover the systematic fraud taking place, see paras 1.7 and 3.5 of his written draft opening.  He could not have opened the case in that way if he had known that the true position was that LCB had facilitated or encouraged the frauds to take place.  Indeed, if the true position had been disclosed to the judge, the judge would not have allowed the case to be opened in that way.
39.	Mr Birkett’s submission on this part of the case was that the only question for the judge was whether Mr Alfred Allington was a participating informant and, if so, when did he become one.  He said that even if he was in truth to be regarded as a participating informant, there was no rule that the existence of a participating informant had to be disclosed and that the judge’s decision not to order disclosure of the role of either brother was correct.
40.	This is an oversimplification of the position.  It is not for the judge to piece together stray pieces of information and decide for himself whether an individual was or was not a participating informant;  he is entitled to full information from the Crown (here, the Customs) which would include Customs’ failure to register Mr Alfred as an informant, an explanation of what Customs meant by the term “trade source”, the fact that LCB had an immunity from being sued on their bond, and a frank appraisal of the question whether Mr Alfred was participating in the diversion of duty and, if so, the extent of that participation.  That never happened in the case of Mr Alfred;  if it had happened, the inadequacy of the phrase “trade source” would have become apparent.  Nor, in our view, did it happen, acceptably, in respect of Mr Edward since the extent of his participation was never revealed;  he was merely put forward as an informant who gave some information mainly about companies other than those involved in the defendants’ cases and no mention of any LCB immunity was made.
41.	Moreover, Mr Alfred gave evidence at the trial and said (inter alia) that he had not been encouraged by Customs to have dealings with suspicious companies and that he thought the goods were going to foreign warehouses, see pages 12 and 30 of the transcript of 6th October 1999.

42.	(B)	Second Trial
The second trial began on 20th February 2000 and Mr Sewell pleaded guilty on 21st February.  At that stage Mr Birkett knew nothing of what had been going on at the voir dire at Wood Green but, once Judge Maher ordered disclosure on 28th February and the case against the drivers collapsed on 1st March, events moved fast.  Vast quantities of documents were couriered to Manchester, including a note from Mr Gompertz QC made at the conclusion of the Southwark trial and a further note from Mr Lucas about the concerns he had at Wood Green about Mr Alfred’s false evidence at Southwark.
43.	All this put Mr Birkett in a difficulty at the second trial.  He did not know the issues that had been in play at Wood Green nor was there a transcript of Judge Maher’s ruling.  He was, however, particularly concerned that he was due to call Mr Alfred Allington at the second trial (as he had at the first) principally, if not solely, to prove the provenance of the paperwork emanating from LCB (AADs, consignment notes etc) but that Mr Alfred had now been shown not to be a truthful witness and to be more than a trade source (though how much more he did not know).  On Friday 3rd March 2000, he instigated a further public interest immunity hearing, handed a considerable amount of material to Judge Hammond including counsel’s notes together with a note of Judge Maher’s ruling.  He told the judge that Mr Alfred was rather more than a trade source and that his evidence to the effect that he was not an informer was evidence that others might say “was not wholly accurate when you knew the full picture”.  Mr Birkett had still not been told of the extent of Mr Alfred’s or indeed Mr Edward’s participation in the duty diversion and still could not tell Judge Hammond of Mr Edward’s co-operation in filling out false AADs or the manner in which Mr Small encouraged both Mr Edward and Mr Alfred to inform on either fraudulent companies in general or the companies involved in the particular case, nor was he able to tell the judge anything of substance about the LCB immunity.
44.	The judge then took away the documents he had been handed and perused them over the week-end.  He was naturally concerned about the possibility that Mr Alfred Allington had told lies in the witness box at Southwark but, on Monday 6th March he ruled that, in the light of what he had been told of the level of Mr Alfred’s activity, and in the light of the fact that such activity did not touch any of the defendants he was trying, he did not think that the lies were relevant.  Mr Birkett informed the judge that Mr Clegg had specifically asked whether the Crown was aware of anything that reflected on Mr Alfred’s honesty but submitted Mr Alfred’s credibility was not a live issue in the case.  The judge accepted that and accordingly ordered that no further disclosure in relation to Mr Alfred need be made but said the matter would be kept under review in case Mr Alfred’s credibility (when he came to give evidence) was attacked by any of the defendants.  In the event Mr Alfred’s evidence was largely uncontroversial, relating as it did to the provenance of LCB documentation;  indeed, Mr Clegg for Mr Villiers was chiefly concerned to emphasise the close friendship which existed between Mr Alfred and Mr Villiers both at the time of the events in issue at the trial and at the time of the trial itself.  Accordingly no further disclosure was ever ordered and we do not consider, despite the false evidence that Mr Allington had given, the judge can be criticised for that decision in the Villiers case, on the material that he then had before him.
45.	Meanwhile Mr Birkett had opened the case to the jury on the basis that LCB “were prevailed upon to release stock on the pretext that it would be exported whereas the truth was that it never went overseas at all” (para 2.4 of his draft opening) thus repeating, albeit in milder language, the thesis of his opening in the earlier trial that LCB had been themselves deceived.  This misconception carried over into the summing-up when the Judge explained to the jury that most of the evidence in the case came from documents (8D).  He said:-
“Documents coming from business records compiled in the course of a business transaction when their creator can have no idea what is going to happen in the future can usually be treated as evidence of the facts disclosed.”
What neither the Judge nor counsel knew was that, in many cases, the creator of the AADs knew exactly what was going to happen in the future, viz that the goods would never be delivered to the destination set out in the AAD.  Again the Judge summarised the evidence of Mr Alfred Allington and commented (26G):-
“The amount of paperwork must be enormous.  A very small amount of it has found its way into this court . . . .  If documents appear superficially to be in order, Members of the Jury, how easy must it be to fail to spot something going on.”
The truth of the matter was that neither Mr Alfred nor Mr Edward failed to spot what was going on.  Not only did they know about the fraud but, with Customs encouragement, they facilitated it.
46.	Even when it came to sentence, the same misconception persisted.  On 4th April 2000 Judge Hammond addressed Villiers by saying (10):-
“You . . . were a frequent and trusted visitor at the bond.  You were in a position to learn more about the workings at the bond than any others and to exploit any weakness, and they are undoubted in the system, to the detriment not of the bond, but of the public revenue.”
47.	Submissions
Mr Clegg, supported by all other counsel, submitted that the true status of both Mr Alfred and Mr Edward Allington as participating informants together with the extent of their participation (including the LCB immunity) should have been disclosed to the trial judge.  He further submitted that it was not for this court to second guess what the trial judge would then have done and for this purpose he relied on Atlan v United Kingdom [2001] ECHR 36533/97 in which the European Court of Human Rights held that, if the defendant was deprived of a decision of the judge at trial in relation to disclosure because he was not given the correct information, the defendants did not have a fair trial;  the position cannot be cured by the Court of Appeal coming to their own view of the matter.
48.	Mr Birkett submitted that proper material was put before the judge to enable him to decide whether the activities of Mr Alfred and Mr Edward should be disclosed and that he had decided against disclosure.  That was a matter for him and this Court could not quash the defendants’ convictions unless we were satisfied that the judge was wrong and that such wrong decision affected the safety of the conviction.  He submitted further that the Judge had correctly exercised his discretion in relation to lies told by Mr Allington by waiting to see whether his credibility was attacked.
Discussion and Conclusion
49.	It will be apparent from what we have said that, through no fault of counsel, the position in relation to the Allington brothers was not laid fully or fairly before the judge.  Although Mr Birkett sought to resist the submission that Mr Alfred Allington was a participating informant, it is clear on the information now before this court that it is very arguable that he was.  Indeed we have concluded on the material before us, that he was, in fact, a participating informant.  But HM Customs, even if they did not think that he was a participating informant, should have, at the very least, appreciated that his status was debatable and that it was not for them to determine the matter in their own favour without putting their own counsel or the court fully into the picture for the matter to be properly determined.
50.	We cannot be certain what the judge would have decided about the need to disclose the Allingtons’ status as informants, if the matter had been fully and fairly laid before him.  Participating informants always raise difficult questions and the Custom’s own guidelines say in terms that the role of a participating informant will be disclosed to the defence and he will be expected to give evidence.  It was argued in R v Davis, Rowe and Johnson [2000] 1 Cr App R 115 that the existence of a participating informant ought always to be disclosed to the defence.  This court declined to accept that proposition for every case but said that the fact that a participating informant had offered to give evidence for the prosecution (and had thus accepted the risk of reprisals) was (para 66):-
“simply another factor, albeit important, to be taken into account by the judge in balancing the public interest in keeping material confidential against the public interest in securing a fair trial.”
Judge Hammond was never given a proper opportunity in this case to conduct that balancing exercise or to weigh that important factor.
51.	Whatever the judge may or may not have decided, if he had been given that opportunity, both he and counsel for the Crown would have approached their continuing duty to monitor the question of disclosure throughout the trial quite differently from the way they approached it in fact, if what is now known had been disclosed.  Mr Birkett could not, as we have said, have opened either trial in the way he did if he had known the true facts and, if he had opened the case in that way, the judge would necessarily have stopped him from doing so.  The fact that the whole case was conducted on the basis that LCB were deceived when they were not so deceived is a not unimportant element in the consideration of the question whether the trials were fair and the convictions were safe.  The judge might, moreover, have concluded that it was relevant for the defence of at any rate the defendants at the second trial (viz that they themselves knew nothing of the fraud which was perpetrated by others) for them to be informed of the extent to which Mr Alfred and Mr Edward were acting with the encouragement of Customs, in facilitating the commission of offences.
52.	One particular problem in this case was that, because Mr Alfred Allington was never registered as an informant, there was no written record, in the form of control sheets or daybooks or whatever, of the information which he gave.  While it is clear that the Allington brothers participated in offences in general and thus attracted a general immunity from being sued on their bond or guarantee, the extent to which they participated in offences committed by these defendants was never clear.  We have already said that there are recorded instances in Mr Edward’s reports of his informing on companies involved in the case.  His oral evidence was that he informed on more than two occasions.  The position about Mr Alfred was impossible to ascertain.  If a witness who is called at a trial is a participating informant in the very instance with which the trial is concerned, there would have to be a very strong countervailing interest for his status not to be revealed;  if it is not revealed, there is a serious danger that the jury will be misled and, indeed, a serious danger that the witness will give misleading answers in evidence as Mr Allington did at both the Southwark trial and the Hutchinson trial in Manchester and as the informer did in the Davis, Rowe and Johnson case (see [2000] 1 Cr App R at para 73).  That is something which, as Mantell LJ said, counsel “would not have countenanced at any cost”;  yet it happened at the Hutchinson trial.  For these reasons the status of a witness if he is a true participating informant will, almost inevitably, have to be disclosed unless the countervailing public interest is extraordinarily strong.  We think it should and would have been disclosed, by order of the judge in the present case if the full facts had been known.  Indeed the questions of whether or not the judge would have ordered disclosure and the extent of such possible disclosure have to be seen in the context of HM Customs’ failure to inform counsel for the Crown and the trial judge of the true position.  This failure was so far reaching in nature as to have led, not to those uncomfortable and arguably disturbing omissions that may be the inevitable consequence of considered and proper applications and decisions in relation to non-disclosure but, to both counsel and judge presenting the case to the jury in significant respects on a false basis.  We bear in mind that the cases in the European Court of Human Rights, which have sanctioned the ex parte procedure, emphasise that the “balancing exercise is weighted in favour of disclosing material in recognition of the importance of achieving the fullest possible disclosure of relevant material”, see Jasper v UK (2000) 30 EHHR 441, 459 para 61.
53.	Mr Birkett relied on the case of R v Turner [1995] 2 Cr App R 94 and, in particular, that passage of the judgment of Lord Taylor CJ where he said that the Court of Appeal
“wished to alert judges to the need to scrutinise with great care applications for disclosure of . . . details about informants.  They would need to be astute to see that assertions of the need to know such details were justified because they were essential to running the defence.  If they were not so justified the judge would need to adopt a robust approach in deciding to order disclosure.”
These dicta cannot, in our judgment, be invoked to justify a failure to disclose, even to the judge, participating informants whose existence have not been handled in accordance with Home Office guidelines, especially when Customs have themselves encouraged the informants in their participation in the offences and have afforded the participants an indemnity in respect of any duty lost to the Revenue;  nor can they justify misleading the court into believing that the LCB was duped by the fraudsters when it was not so duped;  nor can they justify false evidence being given by the informant denying his role.  As Roch LJ said in R v Hickey 30th July 1997 (page 371 of the transcript):-
“This court is not concerned with the guilt or innocence of the appellants, but only with the safety of their convictions.  This may, at first sight, appear an unsatisfactory state of affairs, until it is remembered that the integrity of the criminal process is the most important consideration for courts which have to hear appeals against conviction.  Both the innocent and the guilty are entitled to fair trials.  If the trial process is not fair;  if it is distracted by deceit or by material breaches of the rules of evidence or procedure, then the liberties of all are threatened.”
54.	We have, for the reasons we have set out, come to the conclusion that there was a serious failure on the part of the Crown to disclose the true status of both Allington brothers as participating informants and the extent of their participation in the offences with Customs’ encouragement.  The defendants submit (a) that they were entitled to expect that any decision of the judge at trial on the question of disclosure should be based on proper information, (b) that if proper information had been before the judge he would have ordered disclosure and (c) that, had such disclosure been ordered, that might well have assisted the defence, even though they might still have refrained from attacking Mr Alfred Allington’s credibility.  We accept submission (a) and submission (b), because we consider that once the judge appreciated the degree of participation on the part of the Allington brothers in offences in general and the real possibility that they had participated in offences committed by some of these defendants in particular, he would have been bound to order disclosure as Judge Maher did at Wood Green.
55.	We do not therefore have to decide whether Mr Clegg’s argument, in reliance on Atlan v UK, that any conviction is unsafe if there is material matter not disclosed to the trial judge, is correct.  In that case the European Court of Human Rights decided that, if new material emerged after the trial, it was not sufficient for the Court of Appeal to consider it on an ex parte basis and decide that it need not be disclosed to the defence.  It was a requirement of a fair trial that the trial judge (not the Court of Appeal) should decide whether sensitive material should be disclosed to the defence.  We should not be taken to assent to the proposition that any conviction must be unsafe in these circumstances since, if this court were to be satisfied that no judge would have ordered disclosure, and that such absence of disclosure did not prejudice the defence in any way, it would be difficult to say that any resulting conviction was unsafe.  It is noteworthy that in Atlan the court concluded that, if the judge had known about the undisclosed material, the summing up might well have taken a different form.
56.	In R v Davis, Rowe and Johnson [2001] 1 Cr App R 115 this court concluded that the failure (among other matters) to disclose the existence of a participating informant together with the fact that he had received a reward for his information was a material irregularity (see para 72) and asked itself the question (para 95):-
“assuming the irregularities which we have identified had not occurred, would a reasonable jury have been bound to return verdicts of guilty?”
In R v Botmeh and Alami (1 November 2001) Rose V-P set out a similar test, in the course of deciding that this court could, if appropriate, itself look at new undisclosed material analogously to the ex parte procedure at the Crown Court.  He said (para 25):-
“If this Court examines undisclosed material which was not, but should have been, shown to the trial judge and concludes that disclosure in an edited form would have been ordered by the trial judge, the test then to be applied by this Court is whether a reasonable jury, had edited disclosure been made, could have come to a different conclusion.”
We adopt this approach and conclude, with some reluctance, that we cannot be sure that, if the status of the Allington brothers as participating informants together with their encouragement by Customs and the consequent LCB immunity had been disclosed to the defence, the jury would have been bound to return verdicts of guilty.  We accept that the material could have been deployed by the Defendants and that they should have been able to put forward their tenable cases in the best light, R v Agar (1990) 90 Cr App R 318.
57.	Sewell is in a somewhat different position, having pleaded guilty.  We do not, however, think it right that the conviction of Villiers, who was, on any view, the head conspirator (if guilty) should be quashed while Sewell, whom the prosecution alleged was his henchman, remains convicted.  Mr Lakha on his behalf submits, that, if he had known the information now disclosed, he would be likely, in any event, to have had material to support an application to stay for abuse of process.  We consider Sewell should have that opportunity if, despite Judge David Harris’s conclusion in July this year in Awan, he wishes to take it.
58.	Second ground of appeal
Villiers had a further ground of appeal based on the Judge’s direction that the jury could hold his silence in interview against him.  The circumstances of Villier’s silence were unusual inasmuch as, when he went with his solicitor to the police station for interview, his solicitor was arrested.  Villiers was thus left, as many defendants are, to use the services of a duty solicitor.  He gave a “No comment” interview.  We saw no reason to criticise Judge Hammond’s direction in this matter and did not feel it necessary to call on Mr Birkett to answer the argument on this second ground of appeal.

Conclusion
59.	Having come to the conclusions we have set out in relation to non-disclosure by the Crown, we must quash the convictions and, if the Crown so requests, we will order new trials.

LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Before I do anything else, I will say we have received a note from Mr Birkett in relation to some passages earlier on in the judgment which we will bear in mind, and indeed I think we will alter paragraph 10 of the script in the light of what Mr Birkett has said in his note but the detail of that we cannot deal with now, it will have to be left to us to consider what that note says and, if we think it right, incorporate such amendments as we think fit into the formal form of our judgment.
MR BIRKETT:  My Lord, we do have an application that the matter should be retried.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Very well I understand it is not opposed.
MR CLEGG:  Not so far as Villiers is concerned.
MR BADENOCH:  It is in respect of Terence Ford for these short reasons.  In the interests of justice, I would respectfully submit that Mr Terence Ford ought not to be retried. I set out the following reasons: he was sentenced to 3 years' imprisonment; he has served 16 months. He was then released, properly, and he served 2 months on a tag.  My Lord, he was on licence pending the hearing of this appeal.
      My Lord, he therefore served the sentence, which was given to him. In those circumstances and having  regard to the fact he is now 50 years of age, he is seeking to get on with his life. He is back working, as he has done before, and I would respectfully submit that it would be particularly onerous, upon Terence Ford, to expect him to attend Manchester once again, for a very long period of time, potentially, 3 to 5 months, to stand trial, once again, for something for which he has served his time.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  We can follow that argument, yes.
MR BADENOCH:  I simply submit that it is not in the interests of justice or the public interest at considerable expenditure to retry Terence Ford.
MR LAKHA:  My Lords on behalf of Mr Sewell there is no opposition to the application.
MISS PILLING:  I appear on behalf of Mr Patel. There is opposition for a retrial, for the same reasons as those advanced on behalf of Mr Ford. Mr Patel has also served the requisite portion of his 3 year sentence of imprisonment.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  He was also sentenced to 3 years.
MISS PILLING:  He was. He was released in June 2001, and served again 2 months under the electronic tagging scheme. 
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  He also served 16 months, did he, actually in prison and then 2 months under the tagging scheme?
MISS PILLING:  He is considerably younger than Mr Ford but he is a businessman and a family man, and since his release from prison he has been re‑establishing his business. He runs a series of care homes in the North London area and has been re-establishing bonds with his very, very young two children.  For the same reasons as those advanced by my learned friend Mr Badenoch, I respectfully submit that it is not in the interests of justice that this man be taken back out of his normal life to stand another lengthy trial in Manchester, when he has already served the requisite portion of the sentence imposed.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes.  Thank you.  There just remains counsel for Hutchinson. Is that right?
MR LEON:  Mr Hutchinson has only, unfortunately, served 18 months, and the application is there should be a retrial and I accept we simply do not have the reasons which have been advanced by other counsel.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Is there anything further you would like to say Mr Birkett?
MR BIRKETT:  I think it is a matter for the Court. I would only say this. Of course, the trial may take three  months plus, I accept that, but there is a practice that has developed in this kind of case, for individual defendants, not necessarily to be present throughout, and this is a practice which was followed in this trial, and in the current trial in Manchester. Therefore it may very well be that applications would be successful if made to the judge on behalf of these defendants that they should only be there as and when the evidence affects them.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Thank you. We will consider that separately from anything else. We will just retire for a short time.
                  (Short Adjournment)
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  No, this Court has decided that there should be a retrial of all these defendants. The public interest does require that the guilt or  absence of guilt of these defendants be established at a trial, and bearing in mind what Mr Birkett has said about the way,  in which the burden of attending a trial can be alleviated, we do not think there would be any injustice in ordering a retrial in respect of all these defendants, including Mr Ford and Mr Patel.
MR BIRKETT:  I imagine I think the questions of bail are going to be canvassed. Before that takes place, can I make two applications. My Lords, firstly can I ask for  leave from this Court to prefer a fresh indictment?
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes.
MR BIRKETT:  That, as the Court will be aware, will be done forthwith and an appearance before the Manchester Crown Court will be arranged within the next 2 months.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  I think we have to direct, do we not, that the appellants be re‑arraigned on the fresh indictment that is to be preferred within 2 months? We will so direct.
MR BIRKETT:  Can I also ask the Court to consider making an under order section 4 of the Contempt of Court Act to restrict publicity of this judgment until the retrial has been concluded, or until further order.  I make this application in order to ensure that there is no matter published which may prejudice the fairness of those proceedings.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes, it has all been in public so far, has it not, apart from proper PII applications of course?
MR BIRKETT:  My Lord, the detail of the Court's ruling and the criticism of the Crown and the details of the case, if published widely, may have a bearing on the fairness of the proceedings.  That is my application.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes. Mr Clegg, I think you are going to address us on that I think. 
MR CLEGG:  It is really the question of whether there is a substantial risk that the interest of justice would be prejudiced by publicity now, in relation to a retrial, that for logistic reasons will almost certainly not take place before next summer and may not take place until next September.
      I did not know this application was going to be made, but the Court may recall a recent case reported in the Criminal Appeal Reports of R v Stone, where it was held by this Court that publication of a defendant's previous convictions on the Internet and an eight page exposé in the sun newspaper under the headline giving the name Stone, reference to "hammer man had killed before" would not be such as to prejudice an English jury from approaching the matter in a fair and open way, and would not prevent a fair trial from taking place.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Mr Birkett would probably say the facts of Stone are rather removed.
MR CLEGG:  They are indeed. I use it only as it is the most recent case on publicity. One scarcely imagines more publicity. No question there, so far as this Court is concerned, that a fair trial would be prejudiced as a result of it.  Here of course the prejudice is going to be, as I understand it, alleged against the Crown.  I am not suggesting the defence is going to be prejudiced by  this publicity, but somehow the Crown from having the truth published about what happened is going to be prejudiced in a trial next year.  We would respectfully submit that it is difficult to see how it can really be argued that a jury is going to be unable to give the defendants a fair trial, if there was some publicity, presumably in the next few weeks about this judgment, bearing in mind the time that was before there is in fact a retrial. Freedom of the press is obviously something that is important and ought not to be restricted unless there is good reason.  But, my Lord, that is all I would say so far as the question of publicity.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  I suppose the one element of Mr Birkett's request goes to the fact that he wants the order to be until the conclusion of a retrial which would then prevent publicity being rehashed during the course of the retrial.
MR CLEGG:  But the trial judge has the power to restrict publicity during the course of the trial, if it is there felt that there was any prejudice and the trial judge can make an order under section 4 to limit publicity during the course of the trial, if it is seriously thought that anybody would be anxious to publish anything any way and, if they were, that it would be  likely to prejudice the trial itself.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Thank you. Do any other counsel wish to say anything about Mr Birkett?
MR LEON:  Only that I support Mr Clegg's submission.
MR BIRKETT:  Sewell has pleaded guilty. Ford and Patel have been convicted by the jury.  It would be unfortunate if there was any publicity, from their point of view, I should have thought, concerning those matters which might find itself into the jury box when this matter is retried.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Counsel do not seem to have any such concern.
MR BIRKETT:  No, our duty, if I may so rather pompously, is to ensure that this trial will be fair when it happens of course.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Of course.
MR BIRKETT:  My Lord, the second matter is slightly tangential I fear. There are other trials going on around the country.  The publicity in relation to the details of this appeal may prejudice those proceedings.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes thank you. I think we will not keep on going out, I think we will hear all applications now and deal with them altogether.
MR CLEGG:  On behalf of the appellant, Villiers, we would make an application for a defendant's costs order,  for the costs of these proceedings and the costs of the proceedings in the court below, to be paid out of central funds.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes.  Mr Villiers has not been in receipt of legal aid at all, is that the position?
MR CLEGG:  That is the position.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  You would say that is the normal order which should follow the events that have happened.
MR CLEGG:  The normal order and in fact there is a High Court restraint order in relation to his assets so that the money that is recovered pursuant to this order will in fact be held under the High Court Restraint Order, and will not be released to him until either that order is varied or he has a verdict in his favour by the jury. So, it is right that the Court should know there is, as it were, that protection to public money.  If in fact he were to be convicted at the retrial, then that money would then be available for confiscation and/or other disposal for the court.  It is, we submit, a normal and proper order now, for him to have his costs out of central funds for this Court and the court below.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Why should not any such order await the result of the retrial?
MR CLEGG:  Because the trigger for him having his costs  is the fact that he was, has now been, conviction now been quashed by this Court.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  I follow that. That would be the normal case. If it in fact is going to be subject to a restraint order it seems a slightly pointless exercise, does it not?
MR CLEGG:  It is not, with respect, because the restraint order may, for any number of reasons, may be varied, but the significance is that the costs that have been incurred up to and including today have been incurred by him, in fighting a trial that the Court has held was not fair, and in having that conviction overturned. So, at this moment in time, he is an acquitted defendant who has been found not guilty.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Using funds other than those restrained presumably.
MR CLEGG:  In fact using those that were retrained that had been released by the court to pay for his legal costs.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  The purpose of having such an order now would be so that an application could be made for the costs of a retrial.
MR CLEGG:  That would certainly have one, that is one potential purpose of the funds. There are of course other assets that he has that require on going money  spent on them in order to preserve their value for whoever it is ultimately receives them at the end of the trial.  But, it is my submission that the trigger, as it were, for award of cost comes from the judgment today and the ordinary course would be for such an order to be made. He is somebody who has successfully overturned his conviction and therefore the order ought to follow.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  I follow that.
      The other appellants are all on legal aid. Is that correct?
MR BADENOCH:  If I could speak first on behalf of Terence Ford. He was on legal aid but he did make significant contributions. I have scheduled those contributions as required by me and I have three copies. If I could hand those up (Same Handed).
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Is that the sum that you want paid out of central funds?
MR BADENOCH:  No, it is not paid out of Central Funds. I have set out at the bottom where the relevant powers are. For the order of repayment of contributions, I seek that order today from this Court, for this reason. He was legally aided in the Crown Court at Manchester. Your Lordships have ordered a retrial in respect of Terence Ford. He would of course now seek a fresh representation order, should that be appropriate.  So this is  effectively his last opportunity to seek repayment of the contributions which he made.  Your Lordships have the sum set out there in.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Who makes the repayment?
MR BADENOCH:  It comes back from the Legal Aid Board.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Rather than central funds.
MR LAKHA:  There is no application on behalf of Mr Sewell.
MISS PILLING:  Nor on behalf of Mr Patel.
MR LEON:  The position so far as Mr Hutchinson is concerned. He was legally aided since trial but prior to the granting of legal aid by the Registrar he and Miss Radcliffe were funding his appeal against conviction and sentence privately. There was a short period of time where he simply did not have legal aid and work was undertaken on his behalf by counsel and solicitors on a private basis. We simply ask for a defendant's cost order as Mr Clegg has invited your Lordships so to do.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  For payments out of Central Funds for such sums as he has himself paid?  Do we not have to have a specific sum?
MR LEON:  I do not have a schedule in front of me, unfortunately at the moment. If your Lordship wanted a schedule no doubt my instructing solicitors would be able to provide such a schedule. 
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes, very well.  Well Mr Birkett any observations on those submissions?
MR BIRKETT:  It is a matter for the Court.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Very well, we note that as something we will rule on in due course.
MR CLEGG:  I think, lastly, the question of bail. I understand that the appellant, Villiers, was on bail, prior to his trial, with one surety, it is believed for £20,000, and a condition that he surrender his passport.  In view of the very considerable time that has now elapsed, most of which, when he has been on bail, both pre and post conviction, he had been granted bail in December of last year, by this Court, I would invite the Court to consider whether, in the circumstances, unconditional bail would suffice?
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes. The surety at trial was
£20,000. The surety between trial and Court of Appeal was merely rather more.
MR CLEGG:  Three‑quarters of a million, may be a bit more.  That was, as the Court will appreciate, unusual for any appellant to be granted bail, in this Court, and he was then a convicted person, serving a 12 year sentence.  So different considerations applied. It is fair to say that the very substantial sureties were suggested and urged on the court, indeed by me, as a  method of guaranteeing successfully, as it transpires, his attendance when called upon to do so to answer to his bail at the beginning of the appeal.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes. Thank you.
MR LAKHA:  My Lord, there is an application for bail on behalf of Sewell as well.  Prior to trial, as I understand it, there were only two conditions; in fact three sorry: residence, reporting to Barkingside police station and surrender of passport.  Since the hearing in this matter there was a surety imposed by this Court of £30,000. That surety is his mother.  My Lords, I invite bail on the grounds on the conditions which existed prior to trial which did not include a surety.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes, residence reporting and surrender of passport.
MR LAKHA:  It may be that the reporting is unnecessary in the circumstances, particularly as we hear the timetable may be as long as a retrial taking place in the summer of next year. But, certainly there would be no objection to the surrender of passport and residence.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Thank you.
MR BADENOCH:  On behalf of Terence Ford, I do not have specific instructions, but I am able to inform the Court that Terence Ford has been in continuous contact with  those who instruct me. He is not here today because he is working today.
      My Lord, I would invite the Court to place him on unconditional bail, having regard to the part he is said to play in this fraud, apart from anything else but also having regard to his own limited means.  I have an address, which I can provide to the Court, should the court feel that a condition of residence would be appropriate.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Thank you.
MISS PILLING:  On behalf of Mr Patel, he also has not attended today because he is working.  Prior to trial, he was on conditional bail, with condition of residence and surrendering of his passport.  I know that he remains at his family address, so a condition of residence would not pose any difficulty for him.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Thank you.
MR LEON:  The position as far as Mr Hutchinson is concerned, he was subject to stringent conditions prior to his conviction and, upon his release by Grigson J, bail was set and sureties of £35,000, sureties being Miss Radcliffe and her father.  I am instructed to ask your Lordship whether continuation of sureties is now appropriate.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  You say he was on stringent  conditions of bail before trial, what were those stringent conditions?
MR LEON:  There was reporting, residence and surrender of passports.  Could I say, so far as residence is concerned, he has been bailed to 96 Station Road, Swinton Manchester, but he wishes to reside at 105 Pioneer Street in Clayton which is the home of his former wife. The reason for this application is because relations between him and Miss Radcliffe have now deteriorated and he has now the opportunity, if your Lordship would not mind‑‑
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  I am not sure we can go into particular addresses because we would not know whether they were necessarily satisfactory from the police point of view. I think we can only decide matters of principle really.
MR LEON:  I am instructed to apply in respect of‑‑
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Have you given notice to the Crown?
MR LEON:  We have given notice.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Perhaps it can be dealt with then.
MR LEON:  Secondly, in respect of reporting, he was reporting to Swinton police station, between the hours 9.00 and 12 o'clock. Thirdly, in relation to the  surrender of his passport, he was permitted his passport back in order to travel abroad during the Christmas period, prior to his trial. He would ask your Lordship to consider a similar application and be permitted to travel aboard this Christmas, as he was so committed to do it at the original trial.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Did he give any sureties against the surrender of his passport at that time?
MR LEON:  No my Lord, I do not think so my Lord.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Where does he go for Christmas?
MR LEON:  He goes to Grand Canaria. I have the address and full particulars have been sent to the Customs and Excise.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes very well, thank you.  Yes Mr Birkett?
MR BIRKETT:  My Lords, in relation to Ford and Patel, if I can deal with those defendants first. The only condition we would invite the Court to attach to bail would be a condition of residence.  Of course, with regard to some of the detail, I have little doubt, but when a trial has been appointed in Manchester there will be applications of one kind or another, concerning some of the details of the bail. But, at the moment, as a matter of principle, the conditions that we invite the Court to consider in relation to other defendants are  these. Firstly, we invite the Court to admit Villiers to bail, subject to the same level of surety as has been given, pending his appearance here at the Court of Appeal.  Secondly, we invite the Court to impose a condition of residence. Thirdly, we invite the Court to impose a condition that he reports once per week at a police station, and finally, we invite the Court to continue the order that the passport remains surrendered, it being understood that there will be applications which will be made, we understand, as have happened in the past, for the return of that passport. So those would be our submissions in relation to Mr Villiers.
      In relation to Mr Hutchinson, similar conditions, we invite the Court to consider, should apply. Firstly, that the sureties should remain. Secondly, that there should be a condition of residence. Thirdly, that he reports to a police station once a week, and fourthly, that his passport also remains surrendered subject of course to applications being made.
      So far as Sewell is concerned, we invite the Court to consider a similar package, if I can so describe it, a surety, residence, reporting once a week and the surrender of passport.  Those are my applications.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Yes, I mean it could be said  that the situation has been transformed a little as to the amount of surety, at any rate, in the light of an application being made by a convicted and sentenced prisoner to someone whose conviction has now been quashed.
MR BIRKETT:  My Lord, I understand that argument, and I am not making submissions as to precise amounts.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Very well.  Yes, that is the third matter we will consider then. Are there other matters we need to consider?
MR CLEGG:  My Lord, may I just revert to bail for a moment or two, because I did not realise that the package was going to be proposed in these terms?  I think, Mr Birkett began by suggesting that the value required by way of surety should be the same as required prior to today, not prior to conviction.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  That is what I understood his submission was but when I queried it he said he was not making submissions as to particular amounts.
MR CLEGG:  I would certainly submit that the appellant should not be any worse off than he was before conviction, in other words he cannot be worse off than he was pending his first trial. He is merely on bail now pending his retrial.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Pending his trial it was £20,000  you say?
MR CLEGG:  Yes, as I understand it.  Nor was there any requirement for him to report once a week. I appreciate it is not an unduly onerous condition, but it is going to 6 months.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  Was reporting done in these cases by telephone or in person?
MR CLEGG:  You have to physically go to the police station, queue up and sign some sort of ledger. It can take up to 3 hours. If he has a condition of residence and his passport is surrendered, with respect, I cannot see any purpose in it.  One can go round the world twice in a between, signing on if you were minded to do so. It is not going to stop anybody with the sheer practicalities of it.  It is not going to stop anybody who was minded to abscond absconding. I dare say nothing about the passport being surrendered. Application can be made to the trial, as Mr Birkett has already envisaged, for it to be returned if he wants to travel abroad. Everybody knows he has got properties in the West Indies.
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  As I say, we will consider that.  Are there other applications we need to consider before we retire?  Very well we will retire.
                  (Short Adjournment)
 LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE:  We will not make any restraint of publicity order; it does not seem to us to be either necessary or right to do so.
      As far as costs are concerned, we will make an order in favour of Villiers for his costs, to be paid out of Central Funds, so he will have a defendant's cost order to be taxed. The same will apply to Mr Hutchinson. As far as Mr Ford is concerned, we will order repayment of his legal aid contributions in the sum of £2,795.
      We have to determine conditions of bail pending retrial.  The controversy has been the amounts of sureties that the court should require, the appellants saying that the amounts of surety should be what they were, if anything, before the trial, the Crown having submitted that it is more appropriate perhaps to have regard to the sums imposed by way of surety pending the hearing of the appeal.
      We have determined to take a middle road in that respect, and we will admit Mr Villiers to bail, against surety in the sum of £100,000. We will say there should be a condition of residence. We will say there should be a condition of reporting, but we will make it once every 4 weeks instead of once every week and that also his passport be surrendered. We make it clear, in respect of all those conditions, that either the Crown or the  defendants may apply to the Crown Court in Manchester, for variations on any particular ground. We do not intend that the conditions should be set in stone.
      As far as Mr Sewell is concerned, he had no surety before the trial, and we will not require a surety in respect of him, but there will be conditions of residence, reporting once every 4 weeks and surrender of his passport.
      As far as Ford and Patel are concerned, there will just be conditions of residence in their admission to bail.
      As far as Mr Hutchinson is concerned, we will admit him to bail against a surety of £10,000, and a condition of residence, reporting once every 4 weeks and surrender of his passport.  We do not propose to consider whether he should have it back for Christmas. That can be dealt with at the Crown Court in Manchester who, as we have said, can consider any variations that may seem right to that court to make.
      As far as conditions of residence are concerned, in general terms, we say that those should be acceptable to the police. If any difficulty arises, then, again, the Crown Court at Manchester can resolve them. That being the outstanding matters, we will rise.
MR BIRKETT:  I am awfully sorry. Do I understand the  Court has given the Crown leave to prefer a fresh bill of indictment?
LORD JUSTICE LONGMORE: Certainly, yes.